3DSP

Technology

Geopolymer binder jetting

A powder bed of recycled mineral aggregate and metakaolin. A printhead jets a liquid activator only where the part is. The geopolymer that forms binds the grains into stone - at room temperature, without cement.

An engineer working inside the frame of the stone printer

Material

What our stone is made of

Aggregate
Recycled mineral residue - marble, granite, limestone, brick dust, recycled concrete. 80% of the dry mix by mass.
Binder
Metakaolin, activated with potassium silicate. No Portland cement.
Curing
Room temperature, in the powder bed. No kiln or autoclave.
Powder
Unbound powder is recovered and reused in the next print.
Strength
37 MPa mean compressive strength, independent test by a UKAS-accredited laboratory.
Durability
No strength loss after freeze-thaw testing in the same series.

R&D since 2018

Four machine generations, 1.8 to 40 MPa

Machine, printhead and material were developed together. Bars show in-house results per generation; the dashed line is the independent accredited result.

Compressive strength by machine generationIn-house test results rising from 1.8 MPa (2018) to 40.1 MPa (Proto 2.0). Independent accredited mean: 37 MPa.010203040Accredited test, mean 37 MPa1.8 MPa2.4 MPa3.7 MPa4.5 MPa5.8 MPa7.8 MPaProto 1.0 / 1.12018–1912.8 MPa13.1 MPa14.5 MPa16.2 MPaProto 1.1.1202019.1 MPa22.6 MPa26.1 MPa28.4 MPaProto 1.1.1202130.8 MPa37.7 MPa40.1 MPaProto 2.02022–40.130.81.8
Compressive strength (MPa), in-house tests per machine generation. Dashed line: independent test by a UKAS-accredited laboratory, 2026.

Production

Today and next

Current printer with a finished print visible in the powder bedIn production today

1 × 0.7 × 0.6 m

Build volume per print, at Switzerland Innovation Park Zürich. Larger pieces are assembled from several elements.

Rendering of the Gen2 printer installed in a 20 ft shipping containerGen2 — in development

3.5 × 1.2 × 1 m

  • Two independent portals: printhead and recoater
  • 5.5 m X axis, rack-and-pinion on both legs, ca. 1 m/s
  • Ships in a 20 ft container
  • > 2,000 L effective volume per job (modelled)

Funded through BRIDGE Proof of Concept. Rendering — not yet built.

Finishing

Bearing faces and joints are cut to tolerance on a stone saw today. A robotic milling cell with a rotary table is being set up to automate finishing, currently the throughput bottleneck.

A printed panel on a stone sawRendering of a robotic milling cell in a container

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